At the heart of every MWD tool is a set of sensors. The drilling measurement systems market supplies these critical components.

Survey Sensors

The [LSI keyword: drilling measurement systems market] for directional surveying uses two key sensors. Accelerometers: measure the earth's gravity field to determine inclination (vertical angle) and toolface (orientation of the tool). The drilling measurement systems market for three-axis accelerometers is standard. Magnetometers: measure the earth's magnetic field to determine azimuth (compass direction). The drilling measurement systems market for three-axis magnetometers is also standard. The combination of accelerometers and magnetometers provides a complete survey (inclination, azimuth, toolface). The drilling measurement systems market for "gyroscopic" sensors (which measure rotation) is used when magnetic interference is high (e.g., in cased holes or near other wells). The drilling measurement systems market for "fiber optic" gyros is a newer technology.

The drilling measurement systems market for "survey accuracy" is critical. Errors in inclination or azimuth can cause the well to miss the target. The drilling measurement systems market for "multi-station" correction (using multiple survey points to reduce error) is standard. The drilling measurement systems market for "in-field referencing" (IFR) (using a surface measurement of the magnetic field to correct for solar storms) is used in high-latitude regions.

Formation Evaluation Sensors

The drilling measurement systems market also includes sensors for LWD. Gamma ray sensors: measure natural radioactivity of the formation (shale has high radioactivity; sandstone has low). The drilling measurement systems market for "scintillation" detectors (using a crystal that emits light when struck by gamma rays) is standard. Resistivity sensors: measure the electrical conductivity of the formation (saltwater is conductive; oil is resistive). The drilling measurement systems market for "electromagnetic" induction and "laterolog" (galvanic) resistivity are both used. Neutron porosity sensors: measure hydrogen content to determine porosity (the volume of pore space). The drilling measurement systems market for "pulsed neutron" generators (instead of radioactive sources) is growing, as it reduces safety and regulatory concerns. Density sensors: use a gamma ray source to measure bulk density (which, combined with porosity, can indicate lithology). The drilling measurement systems market for "dual-energy" density (which also measures photoelectric effect, to identify minerals) is used.

As the drilling measurement systems market continues to evolve, the focus will be on "miniaturization" (to fit in smaller drill collars), on "high-temperature" (200°C+) operation (for geothermal and deep wells), and on "reliability" (to survive vibration and shock). The drilling measurement system is the foundation of MWD, and its accuracy determines the success of the well.

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