Research suggests that temperature is one of the most critical factors affecting the performance, safety, and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The battery management system electric vehicles thermal management function, often referred to as the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS), is a vital subsystem that ensures the battery operates within its optimal temperature range, a key aspect of the BMS's overall responsibility.

Batteries are highly sensitive to temperature extremes. High temperatures accelerate degradation and, in extreme cases, may trigger catastrophic thermal runaway . Low temperatures drastically increase internal resistance and limit charging capability . The BTMS acts as the guardian of the battery's thermal state, ensuring operational stability under diverse and extreme climates, extending battery service life, and guaranteeing driving range . Effective thermal management is accomplished through various technical approaches, including air-based, liquid-based, phase change material, and vapor compression refrigeration systems .

Recent advancements in thermal management are focusing on integrated and intelligent systems. Innovative approaches, such as the hybrid integrated thermal management system (HITMS) based on a CO₂ heat pump, can dynamically switch between different cooling modes. At a 35°C ambient temperature, such a system can maintain battery temperature 6.6°C lower than conventional systems while consuming 13% less energy . In low-temperature environments, it can reduce battery warm-up time by 90.7% by utilizing recovered waste heat . This type of integration with cabin climate control is gaining attention, as it can improve overall vehicle efficiency by 5% to 6% in cold conditions compared to using PTC heaters .

The impact of thermal management is measurable. Optimized systems have demonstrated reductions in power loss estimation error by up to 28% and improvements in power efficiency by up to 7 kJ for different drive cycles . Enhanced battery aging performance of more than 3% per life cycle has also been reported, highlighting the significant benefits of advanced BTMS . The battery management system electric vehicles market is increasingly focused on thermal management innovation.

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